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Cancer, the abnormal growth of cells in any body part, is a disease that causes the death of one in six people worldwide. As a result of this abnormal growth, cancer cells suck most of the nutrients in the body leaving fewer nutrients for the healthy cells to thrive and grow. Eventually, the healthy cells and organs are completely starved of nutrients leading to the death of a patient. An active area in cancer research deals with finding the peculiar features of cancer cells which can then be used to selectively target and kill malignant cells.
One feature that distinguishes a cancer cell from a healthy cell is high levels of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, peroxides etc. Because of being highly reactive, these molecules damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by combining with them. These molecules are also involved in sending messages through signals between various cells.
“Many human diseases including cancer are caused by oxidative stress, which is an imbalance in molecules called reactive oxygen species in the cell. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be the fundamental molecular mediators of all stress-based effects on cells,” said Prof. G K Suraish kumar, Professor at IIT – Madras and the leader of the research team that conducted the study.
The ultra-high levels of reactive oxygen species, however, can also lead to the death of the cells, a knowledge that is employed in cancer treatment. In these treatments, drugs are used to further increase the levels of reactive oxygen species in the cells so that the existing ones can be killed. Common strategies forcancer treatment / management such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy utilize this principle.
Prof. Suraish kumar’s team at IIT – Madras, in their earlier study, identified a rhythm in levels of reactive oxygen species in the cell. In this study, they sought out to understand if the drug administration at a particular rhythm or level of reactive oxygen species affects the efficacy of the drug. To understand this, the team tested the anti-cancer activity of two anti-cancer drugs: curcumin and menadione on two types of cancer cells (colon and cervical). The researchers tested the efficacy of drugs by administering them at different levels of reactive oxygen species at different time points. They found that changing the time of anti-cancer treatment administration can increase the cancer cell killing by a significant 27%.
“Findings of this paper are very interesting and thoughtprovoking. From a clinical point of view, the suggestion of exploiting the rhythm of reactive oxygen species for drug administration has widespread application potential. It is known that circadian rhythm influences drug efficacy at the organism level. Connecting reactive oxygen species rhythm with drug toxicity at the cellular level opens up many possibilities, not just in cancer but in other diseases too. However, the question remains how universal this approach is”, said Dr. Abhijit Majumder, Assistant Professor, IIT- Bombay who is not associated with the study.
Besides the findings related to the exploitation of the rhythm of reactive oxygen species, the group also has identified another interesting observation during the course of this research. It is known that cells neutralize the reactive oxygen species by producing antioxidants. Antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and ascorbic acid (commonly known as vitamin C), therefore, protect us from the damaging effect of reactive oxygen species. It was earlier believed that since the body produces antioxidants in response to reactive oxygen species, the levels of antioxidants and reactive oxygen species are correlated in cells, and measurement of antioxidants can be done to know the levels of reactive oxygen species. IIT Madras scientists, however, showed that the antioxidant level does not reflect the levels of reactive oxygen species correctly at any time-point in the cell. Thus, to use antioxidant levels to decide on the therapy is inappropriate. This new knowledge of non-correlation between the levels of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants can have a far-reaching impact on the way many antioxidant treatments are designed by medical professionals.
“Absence of a correlation between the intracellular reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels at pseudo-steady state levels puts the existing practice of measurement of an antioxidant enzyme as readout for oxidative stress into question. It calls for reevaluating many existing results”, added Dr. Majumder.
The research team led by Prof. Suraishkumar included Uma Kizhuveetil, Sonal Omer, and D. Karunagaran. The work has been published in the prestigious journal Scientific Reports and was financially supported by a grant from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, India (DST).
Article by Aditi Jain
Article: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-58579-2
